Atlanto-axial rotary subluxation (AARS) – rotational displacement of C1 on C2, due to retropharyngeal edema, laxity of ligaments that allows rotary deformity
6-12 years
Seen after minor trauma, pharyngeal surgery, upper respiratory infection
Grisel syndrome – non-traumatic AARS
Cervical spine inflammation or tumor
Spondylitis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Osteoid osteoma
Benign paroxysmal torticollis
Ocular torticollis
ALERT
If trauma or subluxation suspected, immobilize cervical spine immediately
DIAGNOSIS
History
Sudden onset of neck pain and distress upon awakening from sleep
Minor falls/trauma
Medication history eg. phenothiazines, carbamazepine, phenytoin cause dystonic reactions
PHYSICAL EXAM
SCM spasm and tenderness with ipsilateral head tilt and contralateral chin tilt
Limited cervical spine motion
Normal pharynx, lymph nodes, nervous system
ALERT
Avoid passive range of motion because of risk of vertebral subluxation
Facial asymmetry if congenital or long-standing
AARS: SCM spasm on ipsilateral side of chin tilt, tenderness of C2 spinous process, change in nasal resonance, unilateral occipital pain
Fever, drooling, stridor suggests RPA
Headache, vomiting, ataxia or neurologic deficits suggests posterior fossa tumor or spinal epidural hematome
Fever, pharyngitis, tachypnea, tenderness over internal jugular vein suggests Lemierre’s
Point cervical spine tenderness in fractures, subluxation, diskitis, osteomyelitis
Tachypnea and rales in pneumonia
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS & INTERPRETATION
Lab
Initial Lab Tests
Usually not indicated
Rapid streptococcal or Monospot testing
Imaging
Usually not indicated
Cervical spine xray in trauma, persistent cases, severe pain, point tenderness
Open mouth odontoid X-ray may visualize asymmetry of odontoid in relation to atlas in AARS
Chest xray if indicated
CT cervical spine if RPA, fracture or subluxation suspected
CT with contrast if Lemierre’s suspected to visualize jugular venous thrombosis
MRI for tumors, cervical osteomyelitis, diskitis suspected
TREATMENT
MEDICATION
First Line
NSAIDS
Cervical collar (soft or rigid) for comfort
Muscle relaxants like benzodiazepine eg. Diazepam
Second Line
Treat any underlying secondary cause e.g. antibiotics for streptoccal pharyngitis, diphenhydramine or diazepam for dystonic reactions
SURGERY / OTHER PROCEDURES
Prompt surgical or subspecialty consultation evaluation if life-threatening cause found
FOLLOW UP
Discharge instructions and medications
NSAIDS
Short course of benzodiazepine
Cervical collar (soft or rigid) for comfort
Activity
Limit activity until resolved
Patient Monitoring
Follow up in 1 week
If not resolved, needs further evaluation for other causes
PROGNOSIS
Usually resolves in 1 week
REFERENCES
Torticollis. In: Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care, 2nd, Greene WB (Ed), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Rosemont 2001. p.719
Torticollis. In: Signs and Symptoms in Pediatrics, 3rd, Tunnessen WW, Roberts KB (Eds), Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999. p.353
PEARLS AND PITFALLS
Chin should point away from affected SCM muscle
Any neurologic deficit should prompt evaluation for other causes